Eugenol
Eugenol is an aromatic phenylpropanoid compound, 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol (CAS 97-53-0, C10H12O2), that occurs naturally as the main constituent of clove oil. It is a colourless to pale yellow oily liquid with a characteristic clove odour. It is used as a flavouring and fragrance ingredient, in dental materials and as a chemical intermediate. It is supplied in several grades for food, pharmaceutical and laboratory use.
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Eugenol
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What is eugenol and where does it come from?
Eugenol (2-methoxy-4-(prop-2-en-1-yl)phenol) is a guaiacol derivative with an allyl side chain. It has a molar mass of about 164.2 g/mol and a boiling point of roughly 254 °C. It is only slightly soluble in water but mixes readily with ethanol and most organic solvents.
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Commercial eugenol is mainly obtained from clove bud, leaf or stem oil, where it is the dominant component. It also occurs in cinnamon leaf oil, basil and nutmeg. On exposure to air and light it slowly darkens, so it is normally stored in well-closed, light-resistant containers.
How is eugenol used in industry and the laboratory?
Eugenol is widely used in flavours, fragrances and oral-care products. In dentistry it is combined with zinc oxide to form zinc oxide eugenol cements and temporary fillings.
It also serves as a starting material for isoeugenol and related aroma chemicals, and is used in research on antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Identity and purity are typically confirmed by GC-MS, HPLC or NMR and reported on the CoA.
What should buyers check for regulatory compliance?
Grades include technical, natural, FCC, USP and EP quality. Buyers should confirm which pharmacopoeial or food-grade specification applies.
Under GHS, supplier SDS documents commonly classify eugenol as a skin sensitiser (H317) and an eye irritant (H319). Always consult the current SDS for the specific product.
In the EU, eugenol is registered under REACH. It is also listed among fragrance allergens that must be declared on cosmetic labels above set concentration thresholds. It is listed on the TSCA inventory in the United States.
Related concepts
Related substances and topics include isoeugenol, methyl eugenol and guaiacol, as well as clove oil and the wider family of phenylpropanoids. Relevant regulatory topics are fragrance allergen labelling and skin sensitisation classification under GHS.
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