Chloroform

What is chloroform?

Chloroform, chemically known as trichloromethane (CHCl₃), is a dense, colourless liquid with a characteristic sweet odour. It was once widely used as a general anaesthetic in medical procedures but has been largely replaced due to its toxicity and potential carcinogenicity. Today, it is mainly used as a solvent in organic chemistry, particularly in extractions and as a reagent in synthesis reactions.

How is chloroform used in laboratory and industrial settings?

In laboratory settings, chloroform is valued for its ability to dissolve non-polar compounds and is commonly used in liquid-liquid extractions, especially in the isolation of organic compounds from aqueous solutions. It is also employed in the preparation of reagents and in the extraction of lipids and other hydrophobic substances. Industrially, chloroform is a precursor in the production of refrigerants and other chlorinated compounds. However, its use is strictly regulated due to environmental and health concerns, including its classification as a possible human carcinogen under IARC Group 2B.

What are the safety and regulatory considerations?

Chloroform is toxic and can cause liver and kidney damage with prolonged exposure. It is also a suspected carcinogen and must be handled with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and in well-ventilated areas. Regulatory frameworks such as REACH, GHS, and TSCA impose strict controls on its manufacture, use, and disposal. It is not permitted in consumer products and is listed in the SDS and CoA for controlled handling.

Related concepts

Chloroform is often compared to other chlorinated solvents like dichloromethane and carbon tetrachloride. Its use is increasingly restricted in favour of safer alternatives, particularly in biotech and pharmaceutical applications.