Acetic acid
Acetic acid is a colourless organic compound with a pungent smell, commonly used in laboratories and industrial processes. It is a key component in vinegar and serves as a reagent in chemical synthesis, particularly in the production of cellulose acetate and vinyl acetate.
What is acetic acid?
Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) is a weak organic acid that occurs naturally in vinegar, where it is present at concentrations of about 4–8% by volume. It is produced industrially via methanol carbonylation or aerobic fermentation of ethanol. In laboratory settings, acetic acid is used as a solvent, pH adjuster, and reagent in various biochemical and chemical reactions. Its ability to form hydrogen bonds and its moderate polarity make it suitable for dissolving a wide range of organic compounds.
How is acetic acid used in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals?
In biotechnology, acetic acid is employed in the purification and stabilization of proteins and nucleic acids. It is also used in the preparation of buffers, such as acetate buffers, which are essential for maintaining pH in enzymatic assays and cell culture media. In pharmaceutical manufacturing, it serves as a solvent and intermediate in the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), including antibiotics and antivirals. Additionally, glacial acetic acid (anhydrous form) is used in the production of cellulose acetate for drug delivery systems and controlled-release formulations.
What safety and regulatory considerations apply?
Acetic acid is corrosive and can cause skin and eye irritation. It is classified under GHS as a skin and eye irritant (H315, H314). Proper handling requires personal protective equipment (PPE), ventilation, and storage in corrosion-resistant containers. It is regulated under REACH and TSCA, and its use must comply with ISO and USP standards in pharmaceutical applications. Safety data sheets (SDS) and certificates of analysis (CoA) are required for procurement.
Related concepts
Acetic acid is closely related to acetate salts, acetic anhydride, and vinegar. It is also used in conjunction with other buffers such as Tris and HEPES in biochemical workflows.