Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to identify and quantify molecules in a sample. It is widely used in biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and environmental testing for structural elucidation, purity assessment, and biomolecule characterisation.
How does mass spectrometry work?
Mass spectrometry involves ionising chemical compounds to generate charged molecules or fragments, which are then separated based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) in a mass analyser. The ions are detected and their abundance recorded, producing a mass spectrum. Common ionisation methods include electrospray ionisation (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI), suitable for large biomolecules like proteins and peptides.
What are the main applications in biotech and pharma?
In biotechnology and pharmaceutical development, mass spectrometry is essential for protein and peptide identification, post-translational modification analysis, metabolite profiling, and drug metabolism studies. It supports quality control by verifying the identity and purity of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and is used in proteomics and metabolomics research. Regulatory compliance often requires mass spectrometry data for submissions under ISO, REACH, or GHS frameworks.
What are the key components of a mass spectrometer?
A typical mass spectrometer comprises an ion source, a mass analyser (e.g., quadrupole, time-of-flight, ion trap), and a detector. Coupling with separation techniques such as HPLC or GC-MS enhances sample resolution. Modern instruments often integrate with databases for automated compound identification, and are validated using standards like USP, BP, or EP specifications.
Related concepts
Mass spectrometry is frequently used alongside techniques such as NMR, HPLC, and SDS-PAGE for comprehensive molecular characterisation. It plays a critical role in the analysis of biologics, including monoclonal antibodies and gene therapies, where structural integrity and consistency are paramount.