DMSO

What is DMSO and why is it used in research?

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a colourless, viscous liquid with the chemical formula (CH₃)₂SO. It is a powerful solvent with high polarity and aprotic nature, making it ideal for dissolving both polar and non-polar substances. In laboratory settings, DMSO is commonly used as a solvent for compounds that are poorly soluble in water or ethanol. Its ability to penetrate cell membranes also makes it valuable in drug delivery studies and cryopreservation of cells.

How is DMSO handled and regulated in regulated environments?

DMSO is classified under GHS as a skin and eye irritant, and it can carry other substances through the skin, potentially causing systemic effects. As such, it requires careful handling with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). Regulatory frameworks such as REACH, TSCA, and ISO standards govern its use in industrial and research settings. In pharmaceutical applications, DMSO must meet stringent quality criteria, including compliance with USP, BP, and EP monographs. Its use in clinical formulations is limited and requires thorough safety evaluation.

What are the limitations and safety considerations of DMSO?

Despite its utility, DMSO has a characteristic garlic-like odour and can cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. It may also interact with other chemicals, leading to unintended reactions. In regulatory and procurement contexts, suppliers must provide a certificate of analysis (CoA) and safety data sheet (SDS) compliant with ISO 14001 and GHS standards. Its use in food and cosmetics is restricted, and it is not approved for human consumption in most jurisdictions.

Related concepts

DMSO is often used alongside other solvents such as ethanol, acetone, and dimethylformamide (DMF). It is also employed in cryopreservation protocols, where it acts as a cryoprotectant. Common alternatives include glycerol and ethylene glycol, though DMSO remains the gold standard in many applications.